Jaundice is a condition characterized by yellowing of the skin, eyes, and mucous membranes due to an elevated level of bilirubin in the blood. It is a symptom of an underlying condition rather than a disease itself.

CAUSES OF JAUNDICE

The causes of jaundice are generally categorized into three groups:

Pre-hepatic (before the liver):

    • Excessive breakdown of red blood cells (hemolysis).
    • Conditions like malaria, sickle cell anemia, or thalassemia.

    Hepatic (within the liver):

      • Liver diseases such as hepatitis, cirrhosis, or fatty liver.
      • Drug-induced liver injury or alcohol abuse.

      Post-hepatic (after the liver):

      • Obstruction of bile flow
      • Bile duct stones or compression
      • Pancreatic or bile duct cancer

      SYMPTOMS

      The symptoms of jaundice primarily arise from elevated bilirubin levels in the blood.
      Key symptoms include:
      1. Yellowing of skin and Eyes: The most noticeable symptom is a yellow tint in the skin and the whites of the eyes (sclera).
      2. Dark Urine: Urine may appear dark yellow or brown due to high bilirubin levels.
      3. Pale Stools: Stools may become lighter in color, often gray or clay colored.
      4. Itching (Pruritus): Jaundice can be associated with intense itching in some cases. 5. Fatigue: Generalized tiredness or weakness is common.
      6. Abdominal pain: Discomfort, especially in the upper right quadrant, could indicate liver issues.
      7. Nausea and Vomiting: Digestive symptoms may accompany jaundice.
      8. Weight Loss: Loss of appetite and weight can occur.
      9. Fever and Chills: These may be present if jaundice is associated with infection, like hepatitis.
      10. Swelling (Edema): In severe cases, swelling of legs, feet, or abdomen(ascites) may occur.

      DIAGNOSIS

      A healthcare professional will typically use the following steps:

      Medical History and Physical Examination

        • Medical history: Questions about symptoms, recent travel, alcohol use, medication history, and family history of liver or blood disorder.
        • Physical exam: checking for yellowing of the skin and eyes, abdominal tenderness, swelling, or signs of chronic liver disease.

        Laboratory tests

        • Liver Function Tests (LFT): Measures enzymes (ALT, AST), bilirubin (total and direct), and proteins
          (albumin).
        • Complete Blood Count (CBC): helps identify hemolysis or infection.
        • Bilirubin Levels: differentiates between unconjugated (pre-liver) and conjugated (post-liver)
          jaundice.
        • Viral Hepatitis panel: Tests for hepatitis A, B, C, etc.
        • Coagulation tests: Measure clotting ability (PT/INR) if liver disease is suspected.

        Imaging Studies

        • Ultrasound: Detect gallstones, bile duct obstructions, or liver abnormalities.
        • CT or MRI: Provide detailed imaging of the liver, pancreas, and bile duct obstructions.

        Specialized Tests

        • Autoimmune Tests: Identifies autoimmune liver disease.
        • Hemolysis Tests: Reticulocyte count, haptoglobin, and LDH levels for hemolytic anemia.
        • Liver Biopsy: Confirms liver disease when other tests are inconclusive.

        Early diagnosis of jaundice is crucial to treat the underlying cause effectively. If you notice symptoms of jaundice, consult a healthcare professional Dr. Rohit Goyal, a leading a Gastroenterologist in Dwarka.

        TREATMENT

        The treatment for jaundice depends on its underlying cause. Here are the common approaches to managing jaundice according to Dr. Rohit Goyal, a leading gastroenterologist in Dwarka.

        1.Pre-hepatic causes:

        • Treat underlying hemolytic conditions or infections.

        2.Hepatic causes:

        • Manage liver diseases with antiviral therapy, abstaining from alcohol, or liver- supportive medications.
        • In severe cases, liver transplantation may be needed.

        3.Post-hepatic causes:

        • Surgical or endoscopic removal of obstructions
        • Treatment for underlying malignancies.

        PREVENTION

        Jaundice is primarily caused by liver dysfunction, bile duct obstructions, or conditions affecting red blood cells. Here are tips which are helpful in treatment of jaundice by our liver specialist:

        1.Maintain Liver Health

        • Limit Alcohol Intake: Excessive alcohol can damage the liver.
        • Avoid Hepatotoxic Substance: Minimize exposure to toxins, including certain medications, chemicals, and recreational drugs.
        • Vaccination: Get vaccinated for hepatitis A and B.
        • Avoid fatty, fried, and processed foods that can strain the liver.

        2.Practice Good Hygiene

        • Handwashing: Wash hands with soap and water, especially before eating and after using the toilet.
        • Safe Food Practices: Consume properly cooked food and avoid raw or contaminated water.

        3.Prevent Hepatitis Infection

        • Avoid sharing needles or personal items like razors.
        • Use condoms to reduce the risk of hepatitis transmission through unprotected sex.

        FINAL TOUGHTS

        According to our liver specialist, jaundice is a symptom of various underlying conditions, ranging from liver and gallbladder diseases to blood disorders. Early diagnosis and treatment are essential to address the root cause effectively and prevent complications. Management may involve lifestyle changes, medications, or medical procedures, depending on the severity and etiology. By seeking timely
        medical attention and adhering to recommended treatments, individuals with jaundice can achieve better
        outcomes and improved overall health.

        If you or a loved one is experiencing symptoms of jaundice, consult with Dr. Rohit Goyal, who is one of the best GASTROENTEROLOGIST in Dwarka, Delhi, for providing the specialized care you need. With expertise in diagnosing and treating liver and bile duct disorders, Dr. Rohit Goyal can help identify the root cause of jaundice and recommend an effective treatment plan tailored to your condition.

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